KOMPONENTA

DELOVANJE

Melittin (Polypeptide Comprising 26 Amino Acids)

Melittin is classified as a pore-forming peptide, where four melittin molecules create pores in the cell membrane, leading to the leakage of cellular contents and cell demise. Melittin exhibits various biological effects:

• Pore Formation: Four melittin molecules form pores in the cell membrane, resulting in the leakage of cellular contents and cell breakdown.
• Inhibitory Effect on the Central Nervous System:Melittin acts as an inhibitor on the central nervous system.
• Blocking of Nervous-Muscular and Ganglionic Synapses: Melittin blocks nervous-muscular and ganglionic synapses.
• Contraction of Striated and Smooth Muscles: It induces the contraction of both striated and smooth muscles.
• Mastocytolysis: Melittin causes the destruction of mast cells.
• Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties: It exhibits antibacterial and antifungal effects.
• Antitumor Activity: Melittin has demonstrated antitumor properties.
• Release of Histamine: It stimulates the release of histamine.
• Increased Vessel Permeability: Melittin enhances the permeability of blood vessels.
• Hemolysis: It causes the breakdown of red blood cells (hemolysis).
• Lowering Blood Pressure: Melittin contributes to the reduction of blood pressure.
• Anti-Inflammatory Action: It possesses anti-inflammatory properties.
• Lack of Antigenic Properties: Melittin does not have antigenic properties, meaning our body does not recognize it as a foreign substance.
• Stimulation of the Pituitary Gland: Melittin stimulates the pituitary gland, leading to the release of catecholamines and cortisol, thereby increasing cortisol levels in the plasma.
• Effect on Biological Membranes: Melittin influences the function of biological membranes.

Apamin (Polypeptide Comprising 18 Amino Acids)

Apamin, consisting of 18 amino acids, exhibits the following properties:

• Antigenic Properties: Apamin possesses antigenic properties, meaning it can trigger an immune response in the body.
• Action on the Nervous System: Apamin has effects on the nervous system.
• Anti-Inflammatory Action:It demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties.

Mast Cell Degranulation:

• Attributed Strong Anti-Inflammatory Action: Apamin is credited with potent anti-inflammatory effects, particularly in inhibiting the development of certain types of arthritis.

Adolapin

Adolapin is characterized by the following properties:

• Analgesic (Pain-Relieving): Adolapin acts as an analgesic, providing relief from pain.
• Anti-Inflammatory Action: It exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, helping to reduce inflammation.

Kardiopeptid

Kardiopeptid is characterized by the following properties:

• Enhanced Cardiac Contraction: It increases both the strength and frequency of heart contractions, with minimal impact on coronary circulation.
• Anti-Arrhythmic Action: It functions against arrhythmias, helping to stabilize the heart’s rhythm.
• Stimulation of the Hypophysis: It stimulates the pituitary gland, leading to the release of catecholamines and cortisol.

Hyaluronidase

Hyaluronidase is characterized by the following properties:

• Depolymerization of Hyaluronic Acid Molecules: It breaks down the molecules of hyaluronic acid in tissues, accelerating the spread of venom through the tissue.
• Increased Permeability of Capillaries: It enhances capillary permeability, facilitating the movement of substances.
• Antigenic Action: It exhibits antigenic properties, potentially interacting with the immune system.
• Anaphylactogenic: It has the potential to induce anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction.

Phospholipase A

Phospholipase A exhibits the following characteristics:

• Action on Phospholipids: It acts on phospholipids, causing hydrolysis of ester bonds at specific sites.
• Inhibition of Thrombokinase: It inhibits the action of thrombokinase, forming the basis for the anticoagulant effect of bee venom.
• Mastocytolytic: It has the ability to destroy mast cells.
• Release of Histamine: It triggers the release of histamine.
• Blood Pressure Depressor:It acts as a depressor of blood pressure.
• Antigenic Properties: It possesses antigenic characteristics and is the primary allergen in bee venom.
• Antagonist of Staphylococcal Alpha Toxin and Tetanus Toxin: It acts as an antagonist to these toxins.
• Antitumor Activity: It demonstrates antitumor effects.